The American Indian Movement

The American Indian Movement existed more than 500 year ago without a name and was formalized as the American Indian Movement (AIM) on 1968, July 28th at Minnesota in Minneapolis. It grew from policy making movement to making programs and projects from its initial task as a movement that was meant to serve many Indian communities.Its success cannot be disputed and is attributed to the spiritual and elderly guidance in its operations. It was initially meant to renew the Indian religious practices and was further against the ruinous policies that existed in the America.It led protests that advocated for the indigenous American interests, implemented employment programs for the Native Americans in rural reserves and cities and advocated for cultural renewal in and outside America as well..Among those who co-founded it in 1968 included NeeGawNwayWeeDun, Herb Powless, Dennis Banks, Eddie Benton Banai, Leonard Peltier, Clyde Bellecourt, and Russell Means among others.The movement used tact ics that would publicize its needs; it further used the media and American press. It used forced seizure, peaceful sit- in and forceful takeovers. The AIM take-over and the occupations includes the:1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1973, the wounded knee incident ( Pine ridge reservation)2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1973, the Custer county   courthouse3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1972, the bureau of Indian affairs that was located in Washington DC.The Pine Ridge incident of Wounded Knee was a widely assimilated idea because it demanded the reinstatement of about 300 treaties between the federal government and the Native American that had been broken.  This led to trials of several IAM members who were eventually acquitted. The AIM had held 11 hostages that resulted to a 71 days stand off between the federal agents and the Aim. The Wounded Knee, a tiny village was the site of the 1890 last great massacre of the Native Americans.The taking over of Indian affairs headquarters bureau in 1972 was supported by many Americans because the government had created a tribal council in 1934 that was against the development of the Native Americans.A gun battle between the FBI and the IAM members in 1975, July26th, which resulted to the killing of two FBI agents and Joseph Stuntz, this eventually led to conviction of one of the leader of AIM, Leonard Peltier, for the murder of the FBI agent.This conviction has been opposed by many human right activists in the world, a court of appeal judge, Gerald Heaney in his ruling said that though the Natives were guilty of the murder government had overreacted resulting to fatal shooting. This showed that the movement was a widely assimilated idea.The mid 1980s conflict in Nicaragua between the Sandinista government and the Miskito Indian where by these Indian opposed their relocation upon being supported by the AIM leads, more specifically Russell Means. This movement at that time was seen as a minority movement since even the white who supporte d it was against their opposition of relocation.AIM has been advocating for the for improved living conditions for the of the native Americans while founding institutions meant to serve their specific needs, some of these institutions include   Heart of the Earth School and American Indian Opportunities and Organizations among others.REFERENCESA Brief History of AIM, retrieved on 17th, October, 2007, available at www.aimovement.org/ggc/history.htmlAIM Grand Governing Council, retrieved on 17th, October, 2007, available at www.aimovement.org/ggc/index.htmlAmerican Indian Movement – AIM, retrieved on 17th, October, 2007, available at www.aimovement.org/Kenneth S. Stern (1994) Loud Hawk: The United States Versus the American Indian Movement, Net Library publishers, US

Understanding ALS – Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Medical history has been filled with an array of diseases and illnesses, ranging from the common cold to deadly killers. Some are easily treatable and others can be terminal, but some of the worst are those that still remain without a cure; one such disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS, is a degenerative disease affecting the human nervous system. It is a deadly disease that cripples and kills its victims due to a breakdown in the body†s motor neurons. Motor neurons are nerve cells in the brainstem and spinal cord that control muscle contractions. In ALS, these neurons deteriorate to a point that all movement, including breathing, halts. Muscle weakness first develops in the muscles of body parts distant from the brain, such as the hands, and subsequently spreads through other muscle groups closer to the brain. Such early symptoms as this, however, can hardly be noticed. Early symptoms of ALS are very slight and often overlooked. They begin as simple things, such as tripping or dropping things. Twitching or cramping of muscles and abnormal fatigue of the arms and legs may soon follow, causing difficulty in daily activities, such as walking or dressing. In more advanced stages, however, shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing and swallowing ensue, until the body is completely taken over by the disease. Intellect, eye motion, bladder function, and sensation are the only abilities spared. Where and how this deadly disease originated is unknown, but it was first identified in 1869, by the noted French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot. ALS is not contagious, but research is still vague on the cause of the disease. Today, there are three recognized forms of ALS: genetic, sporadic, and Guamanian. The genetic form of ALS appears to be inherited or passed down within a family, and about ten percent of ALS patients have a family history of the disease. An abnormal gene has been located in about half these families, but the cause of the remaining half is still unknown. The next, most common form, is sporadic ALS. These patients have no family history of disease, and the cause of their coming down with ALS is a mystery. Finally, is Guamanian ALS, called this because a high percentage of cases occur in the Pacific Islands near Guam. One major reason ALS is such a frightening disease is because no cure has been established. Although no effective treatment has been developed, a number of drug trials have been conducted, and there are some devices designed to help ALS patients maintain independence as well as safety as the disease progresses. These devices include ankle or foot braces, cervical collars, and reclining chairs. Since there is no cure, however, the primary treatment is for management of symptoms. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is also a difficult disease to diagnose, primarily because no one test can definitely establish if the disease is present. A diagnosis includes most, if not all, of the following procedures: electrodiagnostic tests, blood and urinary study, thyroid and parathyroid hormone levels, spinal tap and imaging, and muscular or nerve biopsy. Most who develop ALS are between the ages of forty and seventy years of age, although cases have been reported of victims in their twenties and thirties. It was once thought to be a rare disease, but studies have shown that about 5,000 people in the United States are newly-diagnosed with ALS each year–about 13 new cases a day! It isn estimated that about 100,000 people who are apparently well in the country today will die with ALS. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is also popularly known as Lou Gehrig disease. Lou Gehrig was a famous baseball player in the 1930†³s for the New York Yankees. Once known as baseball†s â€Å"Ironman†, Lou Gehrig was truly a sports legend. His promising career came to a screeching halt, however, when he was diagnosed with ALS. The disease not only took away his career in baseball, but his life; Lou Gehrig died at the young age of thirty-eight. In conclusion, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a deadly and frightening disease; its victims cannot be saved. Someday, hopefully, a cure will be developed, and the suffering this disease is causing will be stopped.

California State teaching requirements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

California State teaching requirements - Essay Example There is also a PDF file which covers the teachers requirements in order to conform with the of the â€Å"No Child Left Behind Act 2001†. This is a well set out over 43 pages, covering everything in a bullet pointed of diagrammatical format and is very easy to comprehend. There are certain standards that must be maintained by teaching staff and these are laid down both on a national and state basis. The National Board of Professional Teaching standards (NBPTS) website outlines the range of standards which teachers should seek certification in. These cover a range of areas: - A number of the above are broken down into various age sectors such as 3-8, 7-12 and early adolescence. Each section is presented in an easy to follow format, which leads you through every step of the process of regulation and certification. California’s teaching standards are essentially based upon the NBPTS standards described. However in this case they are contained within six areas of best teachers techniques. This can be view by visiting the California department of Education (CDE) website and following the links for professional development. In the section marked teaching. In this area there are PDF files available that cover the requirements of the â€Å"No child left behind Act† together with National and State standards. The CDE website also provide details of content (achievement) standards and curriculum frameworks. The content standards cover six key learning areas over, in total 1038 pages. The curriculum framework covers eight subjects over a total of 1992 page. However, one does not have to read all of these documents, concentrating instead on the subject areas in which one is going to be concentrating. In general terms I found that both the NBPTS and CDE websites easy to follow and the subject matter contained within them produced on a step-by-step basis which made it a simplified system to follow. More detailed information was available once one had selected the

LinkedIn Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

LinkedIn - Assignment Example If the business grew to appeal such technology giants, then it implies that it is performing well in its investment portfolio and the brand position. Additionally, the company trade in the New York Stock Exchange market that makes it benchmarks it performance with competitors and attracts investors for future expansion. The company stock index shows positive progress making it among the competitive companies to watch. Nevertheless, the company is networking professionals across the world, which is creating a pool of talents and promoting the exchange of information concerning all business aspects. In summary, the company is on the positive trend of improvement in both investment and membership across the globe (Normie, 2013). As LinkedIn CEO, some of the strategic decisions make to facilitate company’s future expansion include taking advantage of the social media platform to increase membership and revenue from the membership subscription. The company would also increase its market campaign and improve its brand image to ensure that its stock price index remains high, hence attracting the investors and more technology company to become part of it. Additionally, the company would increase professional connection to increase the number of people and organizations identifying with it. In addition, the company would ensure it attracts some of the best employees, especially in the marketing and investment section, to ensure that it continues expanding. For example, having very influential regional sales managers would provide the company presence felt in countries globally. If the company hires the best investment analyst team, then it would be able to make strategic investment decisions, which would increase the business earnings and competitiveness. In conclusion, the strategic plan for the enterprise would primarily focus on revenue growth, membership expansion, brand

Sickle cell anemia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sickle cell anemia - Research Paper Example However, prior to their early age, functional asplenia commonly increases and it may cause death to children. This is due to septicemia or some other issues. This is except if SCA is immediately diagnosed, and is broadly cared for in a medical and home environment, creating maternity nursing an important factor of knowledge of the Sickle cell anemia for neonatal health care (Silverstein & Silverstein, 2007). As stated by Bloom (2001), research tool will explore all areas of research where it will compare and analyze the present and data from the research which will be carried out. The research tool always promotes more accurate findings by providing the expected findings. The research would intend to explore some of the effects and medical interventions to the patients experiencing Sickle cell anemia. Some research tools will be employed to assist in providing effective and reliable data and information. Qualitative and quantitative analysis would be used throughout the research. Some research questionnaires would be used, and patients and doctors would be asked to answer some questions which will be provided to them by a research team. Bibliometrics will also be used as it uses mathematical and statistical modes to examine and evaluate the finding of the scientific publications (Peterson, 2008). Particularly, this research is intended to support collaborations and innovation which will result to scientific advances. The research questions are listed below: As per reports from several studies, SCA is an inherited disease which affects mostly the Black population. In relation to the intensive studies, it affects around one person in every 400 people who are of African origin. As said by Peterson (2008), Sickle Cell genes are as well present in people from Mediterranean countries, for instance, Italy and Turkey. The first sign of SCA was reported in 1910 by some

The Gospels--Mark Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The Gospels--Mark - Essay Example The struggle of the disciples in the storm is their lack of faith. They were overwhelmed by fear and were afraid that they will perish in the storm. The struggle of the man oppressed by demons was that he was being controlled by the devil. He was powerless against the evil one. The prominent man with the sick child was helpless because his daughter is dying. He was desperate and asked for the help of Jesus. The woman with an illness was struggling from her disease of discharging blood for a long time already. She however did not doubt Jesus’ healing powers. 2. What religious traditions or rituals do you practice? What customs does your church practice? Which of these are helpful to you? Which have not been prescribed by the Bible? Describe how we sometimes put human tradition over the authority of Scripture. The major rituals and practices in Shintoism include Ayurveda, Hatha Yoga, Kundalini Yoga, Namaste greeting, Puja, and The Sadhu (Religionfacts.com). Ayurveda is the system of medicine and healing of the ancient Hindu system. Hatha Yoga is the practice or meditative movement. Kundalini Yoga is the practice of awakening the kundalini or the energy that lies at the base of the spine. Namaste greeting is the act of greeting somebody by bowing the head and putting both palms together. The Puja is a ritual whereby humans relate to the actions of the divine. The Sadhu are the holy men of Hinduism, like the priests of the Catholics (Religionfacts.com). Among these practices the Kundalini Yoga is most helpful to me. Among these rituals the Ayurveda and the Namaste greeting have not been prescribed by the Bible. The use of ancient healing like the Ayurveda is a human tradition which takes precedence over the authority of the Scripture. Even the Namaste greeting cannot be found in the Bible. If I knew that I have only a few weeks to live, I will spend more time with my family, relatives and friends. They are the people who

Annotated bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 12

Annotated bibliography - Essay Example The former one is completely opposed to this notion and instead claims that all that a person does is a result of choice. The question therefore is normally asked as to whom between the two is right. Whereas history does indeed play a role in one’s behavior, does it mean that the person committing a crime or violence is not responsible? This essay’s purpose is to assert that humans have freewill and that for every action taken, no one is really compelled. Decision and influence are two distinct things, which ought to be treated as such to avoid the confusion of determinism. Whereas, it could be true that one’s decision or its magnitude may be somehow influenced by the past, the actions taken by a person is not devoid of their consciousness and approval. That is to say, history may have a role in a decision but the person taking it is very much aware of it and by no means are they doing it without knowledge. According to (Cohen p.15), whenever one is taking a particular action there is full understanding and knowledge of its likely outcome and this therefore negates any claim of determinism. If every decision is taken based on the history then creativity and invention have nothing to be attributed to since they did not exist before. The proponents of determinism claim that a decision is greatly, if not fully, influenced by one’s history. For instance, if a man witnessed violence while growing up, there would no way to stop them from engaging in the same. However, Howard, George, and Diane (p.67), who reported that other factors that could alter a person when they are growing up, have disputed the above assertions. It therefore means that even if one witnessed violence, it does not automatically mean they will follow suit. The creativity demonstrated by individuals is not in any way influenced by experiences one had while growing up. Instead, the mind tends to focus on making new things. Similarly, one who involves in

Google Analytics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Google Analytics - Research Paper Example Based on these information and data, businesses of any size, are able to attract more visitors online, convert prospective visitors into clients, thereby are able to have very high return on investment (ROI). Google analytics can be safely labelled as a powerful web based analytical tool that sanctions marketers across the world to have easy access to web analytics, which in turn can help them create better advertisements and build superior websites catering to the customers’ needs. The most important aspect of the tool is that it comes totally free from Google with the same operating features and platform, thus enabling easy installations and constant support on hand. (Watrall & Siarto. 2009) 1. Track the advertising ROI: This feature enables the marketer to start off by setting the goals he would like to achieve and then track the conversions against the defined goals. GA has been integrated with companies like AdWorld and Adsense , which in turn provide the marketer with in-depth data and metrics. These can be used towards a better understanding of the client requirements. (Clifton, 2010) 2. Multimedia tracking: GA enables the marketer to collect usage metrics by tracking mobile phone websites, web enabled devices, search engines and social networking sites. The data is used towards better consumer understanding and impacts the conversion rates. 3. Personalized report generator: this advanced feature allows the marketer to segregate, analyse, track data discrepancies and generate tailor-made or customised reports. It also has options like the Dashboard which can store relevant info and can be accessed easily without the hassle of going through too many reports. GA has the ability to export data using Data export application. 4. Easy sharing of data: GA facilitates uncomplicated and trouble free information and data sharing within the organization or relevant groups while

Ethiopia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethiopia - Essay Example The major ethnic groups inhabiting Ethiopia are Oromo (40 percent), Amhara (20 percent), Tigrayan (12 percent) and Sidama (9 percent) (Cities of the World, 2002). Amharic happens to be the Official language of Ethiopia. The other languages spoken in Ethiopia include English, Italian, Tigriyna, French, Oromiffa, Arabic, Afara and Somali (Cities of the World, 2002). Nearly 45 percent of the Ethiopians happen to be adherents of Ethiopian Orthodox Church while an approximately the same number are affiliated to Islam. Since the fall of the Marxist regime in 1991, Ethiopia has decentralized its economic planning and has opted for open market policies (Cities of the World, 2002). Agriculture stands to be the most promising sector in Ethiopia that contributes more then 50 percent of its GDP and roughly 80 percent of all the Ethiopian exports (Cities of the World, 2002). Ethiopia has one of the most underdeveloped infrastructures in Africa. The economic problems in rural Ethiopia happened to be rampant and widespread. Thus, the unleashing of agrarian reforms in Ethiopia was essential to give boost to its ailing economy. The unique climate and topography of Ethiopia defined by dry deserts and drought and famine were primarily responsible for the pathetically low agricultural productivity in Ethiopia. The poor agricultural infrastructure and the recurrent famines in Ethiopia gave way to a large-scale poverty in the rural communities. The scarce rainfall depleted the fertility of the agricultural land and thus appropriate measures needed to be taken to improve soil fertility and the gross agricultural productivity. The Pattern of land occupancy in Ethiopia has been very intricate and complex. For example, in Welo province only there existed more then 111 types of land tenure systems (Economy Watch, 2009). Therefore, these utterly complex and confusing land tenure systems combined with very scarce knowledge and information about the land conditions made it difficult to estimate and qualify the land ownership throughout Ethiopia (Economy Watch, 2009). Thus, a pragmatic approach towards introducing land reforms in Ethiopia made it a must to grasp the nature of differences existing in the varied patterns of land ownership in the North and the South (Economy Watch, 2009). The prevalent patterns of land ownership in Ethiopia made it next to impossible the achievement of economic objectives like an increase in the agricultural productivity and an uplifting of the economic conditions of the Ethiopian peasants. Thus, the state and the intelligentsia in Ethiopia soon came to realize the inevitability of agrarian reforms to rescue Ethiopia from the economic morass in which it was caught. Sometime in the 60s, large sections of the student community started campaigning for the introduction of the land reforms in E

Edward and Adam role play Essay Example for Free

Edward and Adam role play Essay The piece did not have a title. As it was an assignment we didnt name our play. It is called Edward and Adam role play, because in this scenes we show when Edward has just been captured and he meets Adam for the first time. Edward is really confused, and when Adam try to calm him down, he thinks that Adam is an Arab whos there to beat him up again.  AIM OF THE PIECE: I think that the main aim of the piece is to show how two men kept in captivity would react when they meet for the first time. Adam is an American doctor, while Edward is an Irish journalist. Edward, is steady and thoughtful. A hard-living, hard-driven man, he is tormented by the regret that he has pushed away his wife and not taken the time to know his children, and now never may. He is a complex, charismatic, charming and irritating man, whose best weapons against despair and self-pity are quick jokes, biting humor and a healthy awareness of his failings. When Edward is being taking into the cell he tries to fight back, by spitting at the Arabs. The reaction of the Arabs is shown with violence, and Edward get beaten up. When Adam sees what is happening he tries to help the new arrived, but he gets beaten up as well. When Edward wakes up, he ears the voice of a stranger, that stranger is Adam, who is trying to reassure him that everything is fine. Edward first response is trying to get away from the chains, and trying to find a way out of the jail. When he finally realises that hes locked up with a stranger, he starts screaming that hes Irish, and that hes country is neutral. In all this time Adam is trying to interrupt him, but Edward completely ignores him, until then he starts asking questions. What he hears, hes not what he expected. In fact he has been told that he would stay in the cell for an indeterminate time. In the scene there isnt much movement as they are both suppose to be chained up. The only movement we get in the scene is when Adam starts exercising, and tell Edward that he should do something as well, to keep his mind full. Edward is still really confuse and want to know more about his new friend. He keeps on asking questions, and they start to know each other better. The scene finish up when Adam tells Edward that hes not alone as he has got him to watch over him. We of course choose this ending by the title of the play. PRESENTATION: The piece has been presented well, and my partner and I have done a good job as the piece was understood by everyone in the audience. As we werent able to use the stage once more, we used another space in the room. We planned the scene carefully, and we decided to have Adam sitting down lining against the wall, reading the Koran. When Edward is coming in we have both of the characters trying to fight back the Arabs but as both get beaten up they faint. When Edward wakes up, hes very scared as he founds out that he is chained. For a moment he thinks hes dreaming, but when he realizes that that is reality, we can feel the stress and the fear coming out of his voice. Adam is tries his best to welcome him in the cell. But how can you make someone welcome when you are kept in chain? Edward is really stressed and keeps on asking more questions as he wants to know more about what its happening. After a while Adam start getting exercising, but this only makes Edward more confuse and makes him ask more questions. When the two men get to know each other more, Edward start to relax, and they start to talk normally and calmly, about everyday things, such as family, sports, jobs and so on.  For most of the scene the two men are sitting down lining on the wall, talking.  In this scene we had a big contrast between two different men, such as Adam and Edward.. Adam, is very calm, kind, and tries to reassure Edward. While Edward is very aggressive, as hes just been captured, and in first place he thinks that Adam is an Arab, and he doesnt trust him. STRENGTH AND WEAKNESSES: The piece strength as weaknesses as well. Once again I think that my partner and I have done a good job, because we have done a original piece, which I think has impressed the audience, as we have explored the inner side two men who meets for the first time in a situation of hostages. We wrote a script of the piece so that we would have been able to remember the piece. I think that the main strength of this piece is that I had the opportunity to work with the same partner, and we put very good ideas together. Some of the weaknesses of this piece were that we couldnt act the piece on the stage, I think that it would have been more effective as we would have had more space, and we could have used the lights as well.  PROBLEMS I HAVE EXPERIENCED: The major problem in acting this piece was that I was suppose to calm down a man who has just been captured and thrown into a cell. I had to be very patient into the play as Edward kept on interrupting, and kept on asking questions.  Looking back at the play I think that I have done a good job into acting Adam, and I also enjoyed it.

Science and Mathematics Should be Taught in English Debate

Science and Mathematics Should be Taught in English Debate Is it necessary for our government to implement learning Mathematics and Science in English? This has been a big issue among students lately because it is said to disturb their routine lifestyle of studying. Basically, we know that our Malaysias education system encompasses education beginning from pre-school to university. Pre-tertiary education (pre-school to secondary education) is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education (MOE) while tertiary or higher education is the responsibility of the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE). The vision of the Government is to make Malaysia a centre of educational excellence. The implementation of English language in Mathematics and Science has made a new aim in our education system now. Let us look back to our main point, which is why the teaching of Mathematics and Science in English has become a controversial issue, and several recommendations are made to resolve the issue. Malaysia is a multicultural and multilingual country with Malay as the official national language. In order to unify the nation, a national education system with Malay as the medium of instruction is being adopted for all primary and secondary schools. In 2002, the government announced the implementation of a new policy in the national education system; English is made the language of instruction in schools for the teaching of Mathematics, Science and technology subjects. These subjects had formerly been taught in the Malay language. English as the language of instruction for Mathematics and Science (ELIMS or PPSMI as it is known in Malay) was implemented in stages, starting in 2003 for standard one (first grade of primary school), form one (first year of lower secondary) and the lower six (first year of upper secondary school). The decision to use English was based on the rationale that mastery of English is regarded as an important mechanism for direct acquisition of knowledge in t he field of science and technology (Ainan, 2003). The first controversial issue is that learning English in a second language is seen as unsuitable when children encounter difficulty in interpreting the meaning of Mathematics and Science discourse. The purpose of teaching Science and Mathematics in English is to enable students to acquire proficiency in English while learning Science. Many educational issues are crucial when learning takes place in students second language. In Malaysia, most learners encounter English for the first time in school. They find it harder to adapt the new change in our education system. This inadvertently impairs students learning abilities since learning in these subjects may be compressed within a complex linguistic classroom. The problem of learning Science through a second language is compounded by other factors, such as teachers who are not proficient in English and the lack of good Science textbooks (Ong, 2004). The government cant come up with a good explanation when the issue of teachers who are not proficient in English were debated in the parliament because they were too busy in governing the economy of our country. The second most controversial issue in implementing English in teaching Mathematics and Science is that the non-Malay students who are the majority residence in urban areas indicated their preference of the use of English in learning Mathematics and Science while the rural students, were not supportive on the use of English language. Malaysian students and teachers are multicultural and have multilingual backgrounds. The implementation of PPSMI created great concern among parents and educators on the quality of Mathematics and Science education as both teachers and students are not proficient in the English language (The Star, 2006). This is expected as Malay language has been the language of instruction for more than four decades. Moreover, the teaching of non-science and Mathematics subjects in schools continue to use Malay language. In a study to provide some baseline data for this concern, Juriah Long and colleagues (The Star, 2006) found that 60% of Mathematics and Science teach ers were not fluent in the English language while only 45% said they are comfortable in using the language to teach. The students from the rural area find difficult to adapt and score in Mathematics and Science subject compare to the students from the urban areas especially the non-Malay student can do better as they are more suitable in the second language compare to Malay language. If these matter continue, it will create havoc among the people in our country and this time, it will be worse than the 13th May tragedy. The implementation of English in teaching Mathematics and Science should be carry out and the government have come up with some solutions in improving this policy to overcome these problems. In order to compensate for students weakness in English language, the teacher must take on the role of a translator in class. The teacher describe the teaching in the class as using first in the English, then repeat the explanation again in Malay for the benefits of those who have low English proficiency. More time will be needed to convey the same concept compared to when Malay language was used as the medium of instruction. Teaching time for Science and Mathematics may need to be increased. It is recommended that teachers continue to carry out code switching when conducting their Science and Mathematics lessons. In addition, teaching strategies may need to be modified so that students will not be denied a quality Science and Mathematics education. So far, much of the thrust of this policy has f ocused on upgrading the linguistic skills of teachers and providing them with technical support. Even extremely proficient and experienced teachers cannot teach their subjects entirely in English if the students are incapable of understanding them. This finding is supported by the information released by the Ministry of Education based on the mandated national level public examinations for all form three students (The Star, 2005). They found that despite learning Science and Mathematics in English for three years, only 33% of the Science candidates and 27% of the Mathematics candidates used English to answer questions. Most of the candidates, however, preferred to answer in either Malay or a mixture of both languages. For valid assessment of Science and Mathematics, the use of dual-language test-booklet as a language accommodation need to continue to ensure students are assess on their Science and Mathematics achievement and not their language ability. The government should be positive minded in enhancing the knowledge of our future students by implementing the policy of teaching Mathematics and Science in English so that our country can produce more efficient and dedicated students who are high in knowledge and good proficiency in English language. Thus, the linguistic abilities of their students are crucial in deciding to what extent teachers can implement PPSMI. All the teachers show their main concern when teaching in English, making sure that students could understand the lesson. It is almost a reflexive action among teachers that as soon as their students look lost or seem unable to comprehend, they resort to translating the terms or specific portion of that lesson. Therefore, in classes where the majority of the students are academically able and linguistically proficient, the teachers must teach their lessons entirely in English. Meanwhile, with weaker classes, these teachers should use more Malay in class, by way of transl ation. As a result, instead of teaching Mathematics and Science in English, many teachers will end up teaching these subjects in English and Malay. This pedagogical response has much to do with the pressure that teachers feel about covering the syllabus within specific timelines so that students will be ready for school exams and mandated public exams. These exams take place at set times during the school year. This being the case, on the spot translation offers them the fastest route to achieving their goal of increasing students comprehension.

Sr. :: essays research papers

Alternative Dispute Resolution   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alternative Dispute Resolution is the most important aspect in the court’s structure because it allows to resolve disputes before ever having to spend money or time. Having to use the court system to resolve disputes can take several years and cost a lot of money. Companies have taken into their system ADR because it can solve problems faster and cost less money. Every company can sure have ADR in every single case they have because they can save tons of money and time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Not always disputes can be solved, this means that people have to take that extra mile to solve the dispute. If the parties do not agree with the decision taken by the arbitrator it can be appealed. The Congress made an act, the Federal Arbitration Act, they promote the dispute for the courts at the state level. The Uniform Arbitration Act is that people before been send to court they have to go through other ADR. There are many forms of ADR: arbitration, meditation, conciliation, minitrial, fact-fading and judicial referee. In ADR you use the most common form that is arbitration. This form is where the parties involved choose and impartial third person to listen and decide who should win the dispute. This third person is chosen by the American Arbitration Association. The courts that address this issues depend on what the arbitrator says. The court tend to have great deference with the arbitrator. There are many cases that get solved with ADR but some do not. There is something that comes into my mind every time I hear ADR, it is that you can save money and time when you use arbitrators. Personally I have been there and it does really save time and money. I had a case between X and myself. In this case I was arguing because my car’s transmission broke down and my car was still in warranty and because of some engine alterations they void my warranty. When I was told that my warranty was voided I went to DACO and they told me that they were going to help me get my car fixed with warranty. I think to myself that thanks to DACO I did not had to pay one thousand pure american dollars. DACO in my case worked as and arbitrator and help me get my problem solved in a couple of days and also made me save money. Sr. :: essays research papers Alternative Dispute Resolution   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alternative Dispute Resolution is the most important aspect in the court’s structure because it allows to resolve disputes before ever having to spend money or time. Having to use the court system to resolve disputes can take several years and cost a lot of money. Companies have taken into their system ADR because it can solve problems faster and cost less money. Every company can sure have ADR in every single case they have because they can save tons of money and time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Not always disputes can be solved, this means that people have to take that extra mile to solve the dispute. If the parties do not agree with the decision taken by the arbitrator it can be appealed. The Congress made an act, the Federal Arbitration Act, they promote the dispute for the courts at the state level. The Uniform Arbitration Act is that people before been send to court they have to go through other ADR. There are many forms of ADR: arbitration, meditation, conciliation, minitrial, fact-fading and judicial referee. In ADR you use the most common form that is arbitration. This form is where the parties involved choose and impartial third person to listen and decide who should win the dispute. This third person is chosen by the American Arbitration Association. The courts that address this issues depend on what the arbitrator says. The court tend to have great deference with the arbitrator. There are many cases that get solved with ADR but some do not. There is something that comes into my mind every time I hear ADR, it is that you can save money and time when you use arbitrators. Personally I have been there and it does really save time and money. I had a case between X and myself. In this case I was arguing because my car’s transmission broke down and my car was still in warranty and because of some engine alterations they void my warranty. When I was told that my warranty was voided I went to DACO and they told me that they were going to help me get my car fixed with warranty. I think to myself that thanks to DACO I did not had to pay one thousand pure american dollars. DACO in my case worked as and arbitrator and help me get my problem solved in a couple of days and also made me save money.

Ayn Rand, Aristotle, and Selfishness :: essays research papers

Ayn Rand, Aristotle, and Selfishness Selfishness is an act that humans innately have implanted within them. Ayn Rand being a rational egoist had many moral beliefs, one being especially about selfishness. She believed that: â€Å"Self-interest, properly understood, is the standard of morality and selflessness is the deepest immorality.†( Ayn Rand 279) This basically emphasizes that you should see oneself, as an end to oneself. A person’s own life and happiness are their highest values, and that they don’t exist as servants or slaves to the interests of others. In the same way, others as well don’t exist as servants or slaves to a person’s own interests. Each person's own life and happiness is his/her crucial end. Ayn Rand, Aristotle, and Frederick Nietzsche all had theories behind this, which was that Humans are innately selfish. Threw out society today all humans are selfish and it is proven by these philosophers that it is naturally developed and there is no cure to prevent it. Ayn Rand, a great Russian philosopher, once questioned why shouldn’t one be selfish. Ayn Rand responded to that question with her theory which she called objectivist ethics. This theory states that humans are innately selfish. â€Å"Everyone does what they really want to do otherwise, they wouldn’t do it†.(Ayn rand 66) Rand believed that humans are rational beings and maintained the idea that rational people will help others if they get something in return. This idea is a voluntary co-operation, which applies to dealings with trade and justice. It also applies to human relationships. In developing her theory she criticized the ethics of altruism, which says that people should act out of selfish concern for others. Ayn Rand says in her book called â€Å"The Virtue of Selfishness† that the proper method of judging when one should help another person is by reference to one’s own rational self-interest and one’s own hierarchy of values. Ayn Rand followed Aristotle’s point of view. However unlike Aristotle she focused on an individual other than a community. â€Å"There is no such thing as ‘society’ †¦ only individual men† (Ayn Rand 279) Ayn Rand followed her great acknowledged teacher Aristotle. She changed her view slightly different from Aristotle which was to focus on an individual rather than focusing on a whole community. Aristotle believed that one’s own life is the only life one has to live for. Aristotle also stated that the â€Å"good† is what is objectively good for a particular man.

The Inspirational Jane Eyre :: Jane Eyre Essays

The Inspirational Jane Eyre      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jane Eyre is the main character in the novel named Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte. She is but a fictional character, and in our hearts she will stay. This incredible lady in her beloved story has carried on through the centuries to inspire all its readers. Jane is a cherished woman with whom everyone can find a bit of themselves in.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The captivating character of Jane Eyre was created in the mid 1800's by an awe-inspiring writer by the name of Charlotte Bronte. This enchanting woman was nothing short of amazing. She was one of the first ever female writers, and she wrote a story about a strong lady. This bit of history allows us to look at Jane Eyre as a liberator. She was a very strong woman in the days that women were not allowed to be self-reliant. Jane had a way about her that demanded attention. She was very shy and introspective, yet her sheer presence was enough to demand attention for all men. Jane captivated the hearts of many older men. She began with her uncle, Mr. Reed. He was a gentleman who cared for his own children, but when Jane lost both of her parents he was quick to take her in as his own. Mrs. Reed only would say that he pitied her, but we all know there was more. She enchanted the lives of Mr. Rochester and St. John. Both men, in or near there thirties, proposed her twice. She accepted both of Mr. Rochester 's proposals. She also did something remarkable; she refused St. John's proposals of marriage. Jane Eyre was a very special woman of her time.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jane's life story is greatly admired by women around the world due to the nature of her character. She searches for love and acceptance and she finds it in every place she is. Even though Mrs. Reed did not accept her in the time she went back she made a friend of Mrs. Eyre's daughter, Elise. Jane also found acceptance in the harsh Mr. Rochester, and the unwilling household of St. John. She was always taken in her lowest hour and raised up to a great triumph later. While at St. John's she found the family in whom she had searched.

A Proposal to Abolish Grading

In every education system, grading and testing are done simultaneously so as teachers and lectures can know the capabilities of their students and whether they have assimilated what have been taught and used effectively.Most of universities and higher learning institutions as prerequisite of students admission is being tested before granted admission, the system help the universities assessing applicants’ capabilities in correspondence to their applications.The grading system which is conducted after certain amount of academic units covered of students respective courses or subjects, apart from assessing students’ capabilities, also assist them in studying especially for lazy students. When students know that there will be grading for the tests they are going to do, definitely they are going to study hard for it.I tend to differ with Paul Goodman in his proposal to abolish grading as the notion has been much effective for quite some time and has helped most of students scoring good grades even though they were lazy. But to Paul Goodman, who proposed the abolishment of grading take this as bullying students as he argues that â€Å"Many students are lazy, so teachers try to goad or threaten them by grading. In the long run this must do more harm than good.†(Paul Goodman, Mis-Education, 1971).Nevertheless, grading system assist in discovering people weaknesses being students or applicants to the higher learning. Through grading students can be able to spot their weaknesses in accordance with the type of grades they get either low or high. If low then students have an opportunity of knowing how to correct it so as to improve their grades, hence becoming knowledgeable.Despite the good intention the system has, there are setbacks that have been spotted by Paul Goodman as he argues that â€Å"But if the aim is to discover weakness, what is the point of down-grading and punishing it, and thereby inviting the student to conceal his weakness, by fak ing and bullying, if not cheating?†(Paul Goodman, Mis-Education, 1971).In conclusion, even though students might cheat during their assignments, yet they will be working hard in the tests and examinations which will help them study. Grading and testing system still assist students to learn more through the performance of their grades.Reference:Goodman Paul, ‘A proposal to abolish grading’, Mis-Education, (1971), Chapter 10, John Wiley New York   

How to Write an Effective Thesis for a Comparative Essay

No matter what your major, there's usually no escape from English literature and composition classes and a compare-contrast essay assignment. Many students get nervous when their professors ask them to write an essay about the similarities and differences between two or more texts or ideas, especially when writing the thesis for the essay; however, writing a thesis for a compare-contrast essay is not as difficult as you may think.InstructionsRead the assignment sheet carefully before you begin so you can follow the professor's instructions exactly. Each professor usually has his own idiosyncrasies, so underline everything the professor expects you to include in the thesis. While writing the thesis, refer back to the underlined notes. 2Make a list of similarities and differences between the texts, ideas or events.Sponsored Links Simple Project TemplateYes. It's easy. Nothing to install. Try it Free! www.smartsheet.comNarrow down similarities and differences to specific ideas to avoid writing a compare-contrast thesis that is too broad. For example the compare-contrast thesis, â€Å"The media depict people in different roles compared to the realities of the general population,† is too general.Begin your statement with words like whereas, while, even though, and although to suggest a contrasting element will follow. For example: Although the media depict most women as housewives and stay-at-home mothers, in reality many women work full time and put their children in daycare.Make sure the thesis for a compare and contrast essay compares and contrasts two or more ideas. One of the most common basic ways to write a thesis statement for a compare contrast essay is as follows: While Jane Austin's novel â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† underscores themes of pride, prejudice and women and marriage, and Mary Shelly's story â€Å"Frankenstein† reveals themes of madness, the sublime, and justice, it is apparent by juxtaposing these two novels that most women during the early 19th century felt trapped in a patriarchal society that restricted the roles of women, especially in marriage. 6Familiarize yourself with literary devices other than theme for compare and contrast essays. Rhetorical devices such as allegory, characterization, climax, symbolism, foreshadowing, figurative language, simile, imagery, irony, metaphor, motifs, personification, tone and other devices can add interest to a thesis statement for a compare-contrast essay.Read more: http://www.ehow.com/how_5012335_write-statement-compare-contrast-essay.html#ixzz2rPnmEClT

Essay on Reality Shows Should Not Be Banned

Reality television has become very popular over the past decade with shows such as â€Å"Survivor†, â€Å"Big Brother† and â€Å"The Apprentice† attracting big audiences and making a lot of money for broadcasters worldwide. A definition of reality television is quite difficult but at its most basic it means programmes that show things really taking place, rather than drama or comedy that follows a script. Typically reality TV involves a group of people who are not trained actors being filmed in unusual situations over a period of time.Sport and news programmes are not considered reality TV. Documentaries that explore aspects of society are a grey area, with some closer to news reporting and others blurring into reality TV because they set up situations which did not already exist. Recently celebrity versions of reality shows have made definition even harder, because they show the private lives of professional singers, actors, sportspeople, etc. as they cope with new situations.Reality TV is often a hot topic as proponents believe it paints an unrealistic and inappropriate portrait and is therefore bad for our society and the children that make up the majority of the audience. They call for a cut in the number of hours given over to reality programmes, or even to ban them completely. Opponents meanwhile maintain that people should be allowed to watch what they like, and that reality programmes make good TV, as shown by consistently high viewer figures.Reality TV is dishonest – it pretends to show â€Å"reality† but it actually distorts the truth to suit the programme makers. The shows are not really â€Å"real† – they are carefully cast to get a mix of â€Å"characters† who are not at all typical. Mostly they show a bunch of young, good-looking self-publicists, who will do anything to get on TV. Usually the programme makers try to ensure excitement by picking people who are likely to clash with each other.T hey then place them in unnatural situations, such as the Big Brother house or the Survivor island, and give them strange challenges in order to provoke them into behaving oddly. In The Bachelor, where a group of women compete for the affections of an eligible male, the ‘intimate dates’ they go on are filmed in front of any number of camera; that is not reality (Poniewozik, 2003).Finally the makers film their victims for hundreds of hours from all angles, but only show the most dramatic parts. Selective editing may be used to create â€Å"storylines† and so further manipulate the truth of what happened.

A Summary on Perseverance

â€Å"Perseverance is not a long race; its many short races one after another. Perseverance to me means that â€Å"never give up†. Everyone in this world once went through terrible times in their lives but they never gave up that’s called perseverance. I know many people who persevered in their life. If you look at their biography you will see that they were very successful because they never give up. Many people don’t have that much confident in them so they give up so easily. Well I also persevered in my life. I didn't give up at that time I wanted to give up but I was brave enough not to give up. our greatest glory is not in never failing but, in raising up every time we fail by Ralph Emerson. â€Å"Fall seven times stand up eight† this quote stands for perseverance and as well as for Mr. Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Lincoln persevered by â€Å"NEVER GIVING UP†. Mr. Lincoln went through many troubles in his life but he persevered and become the 16th pre sident of the United States of America. Mr. Lincoln’s life went through like this. In 1831 he failed in business but he didn't give u and tried again bidding for congress in 1843 but unfortunately he lost his bid for congress.In 1855 he tried again for the run of senate but he lost the run. Still he didn't give up later in 1856 he got elected for vice president but unluckily he got defeated for Vice President. Well because Mr. Lincoln persevered in his life so in 1860 Mr. Abraham Lincoln became the 16th president of the United States. Mr. Lincoln was confident enough not to give up because he knew that one day he will success in his life and he did. He was brave and he had â€Å"STRONG Belief†. I also persevered in my life. I tried and tried until I reached my goal.When I came to us the first time I knew enough English to understand the teacher and work well but it was hard for me to adjust in a different in a different lifestyle well somehow I tried but failed. I didn 't felt like trying again but my mom encouraged me to try and try hard until I reach my goal. My mom was my strength. I tried and tried hard to adjust in U. S and after one year I adjusted and I felt like I’m here since I was born. This showed that â€Å"I never gave up† I reached my goal by trying over and over again.Every single person in this world went through many up’s and down’s in their lives but many fought and succeed but many gave up. â€Å"Just because you fail once in life doesn't mean you will fail every time†. â€Å"As long as you persevere and endure, we can get whatever we want†. You should never give up in life like Mr. Abraham Lincoln and I didn't gave up until we got what we wanted. So if you persevere in your life you will get it done soon. what I prefer is never give up in life. we all learn from over mistakes, so learn from your mistakes and go on try it again.

Proposal Evaluation Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evaluation - Research Proposal Example Hourly rounding stipulates that nurses should perform hourly visits to the patients so as to meet their requirement and document the findings (Olrich, Kalman, & Nigolian, 2012). Evaluation of the study shall be based on the results that will be obtained from the various protocols in the study. The study shall utilise specific protocols that the nurses will check when they go for the hourly round. The checklist shall include an assessment of pain, patient positioning, need for toileting, and the patient asked if there is any other assistance needed. The nurse shall fill in the checklist for any protocol that he/she has provided to the client. This shall be repeated for a period of three months to obtain credible data. While all these are being done on daily routine, the nurse should also note any incidence of patients fall since this is the primary aim of the study. After the study period has elapsed, the data will be analysed critically by assessing the patient outcomes when one hourly rounding was done. The patient outcomes include patient satisfaction with the services being offered and the rate at which the patients get better. Patient perception to care shall also be evaluated as well as patient safety. It will be expected that the patient safety shall increase, which will be evidenced by reduced patient falls as well as reduced call light use (Hill et al., 2011). Long-term evaluation shall involve following up of the customer after discharge to check on the overall outcome of one hourly rounding. The overall inductive reasoning and conclusion may include increased nurse efficiency, staff recognition and continuity of care (Blakley, Kroth, & Gregson, 2011). Hourly rounding may not be the ultimate prevention of falls among patient in the hospital; however, incorporating other strategies is vital to provide a synergy to minimise falls. Use of alarm system has

Buddy Holly Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Buddy Holly - Research Paper Example It was his family who encouraged his early musical gifts, and he was able to learn playing the fiddle and the piano from a tender age, even as his older siblings taught him how to play the guitar. The family had a business in tiles, while the parents were tailors, but they all let Buddy Holly develop his musical gifts in small and big ways, providng much moral support. Then after secondary school, he formed a band, out of which he further developed his talents, until that fateful event in 1955 when he fronted for Elvis Presley who was touring through their town, and was shortly after signed to a recodring contract by an agent who saw him perform. His early work with the Crickets in 1956 and 1957 paved the way for a career as a solo artist, in 1958, but that career would prove shortlived, as he was killed in a plane crash just a year after. His most famous songs, as reflected in their landing in the Top 40, would come from his work with the Crickets before 1958, notably ‘That Wi ll Be the Day’ recorded in 1957. In all, seven songs from the Cricket era landed in the American Top 40 from that time that Holly spent as the lead of the Crickets. Without that fateful plnba crash shortening the brilliant career of Holly, he would have been in his seventies by now, and would have left as big an imprint as the other greats of rock and roll who have come after him, and who have all cited his work as instrumental in shaping the course of their own music and of rock and roll in general. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Maria Elena Santiago holds the intellectual property rights to the work of Buddy Holly and all artifacts associated with the estate, and this is due to the fact that Santiago had become Holly’s wife in 1958. It was on their first date that Holly proposed marriage, and though the widow would suffer a miscarriage, the consummation of their marriage occurred just a few

Liberal Democracy. Why are elections so important for liberal Essay

Liberal Democracy. Why are elections so important for liberal democracy - Essay Example Elections and democracy are complementary to each other. Free and fair elections are central to promoting liberal democracy. The cosmopolitan nature of the United Kingdom society has made people devise means of having organized electoral systems that are fully representative. The intention of the electorate is to consolidate their civil rights and freedoms. These electoral systems are established through either direct or indirect means of picking representatives into the House of Commons. The electoral system must avoid irregularities and guarantee the wishes of the majority while respecting the rights and the voice of the minority. The strength of the electoral process guards against unnecessary tensions (Robinson 2010). This is the essence of reviewing the parliamentary electoral system in the United Kingdom to make them representative and free. A liberal democracy like the United Kingdom thrives through democratic elections. A general election is a vital decision making process in which the people decide whom to entrust with power. Modern liberal democracies like the United Kingdom use elections to fill vacancies in the executive, parliament and the judiciary. The word election comes from a Latin word Legere meaning-choose. The essence of general elections is to change leadership and express the wishes of the citizens on key matters. Modern liberal democracies like the United Kingdom have the electoral systems which yield the best results. The most popular democratic systems are both presidential and parliamentary systems. The United Kingdom used the parliamentary system. The liberties include the freedom of speech, religion, right to private property and privacy. Liberal democracy has safeguard against majoritarianism which hurts the minority. In a liberal democracy, elections must be free and fair (Johnson 2001). The electorate must have a choice of political parties, which differ in policies and views. In a liberal democracy, voting is by secret ballot. T his ensures that voters do not feel pressured (Robinson 2010). Elections are crucial in liberal democracies because the parliament and the government are chosen by and accountable to the voters. Liberal democracies demand that elections be regular (Dunleavy & O'Leary 2000). This gives the electorate a chance to review their leaders and make changes during the election year. The government must call for a referendum on key issues that affect the lives of people directly (Williams 1998). In liberal democracies, election results must be respected since they represent the demands of the people (Diamond & Platter 2006). As a result, the power transitions must be peaceful, and this ensures economic stability. In the United Kingdom, the European court of human rights ensures that civil rights are enforced. Democratic elections guarantee equal opportunities and a fair justice system in liberal democracies (Williams 1998). The government must be limited and open to the public (Dunleavy & O'L eary 2000). Democratic elections give the people power to securitize the government in liberal democracies. The constitution gives the citizens the right to access state information if it does not compromise the security situation of the country (Robinson 2010). Democratic electoral process guarantees free media, which is not controlled by the state. This means that the media must give neutral coverage to all the political activities in the country, and at the same time criticize any the government freely (Diamond & Platter 2006). In the United Kingdom, the electoral system is free and fair. The law demands that balloting in the UK be secret, in addition to universal suffrage of, eighteen and over. The country has a number of political

Water in Africa Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Water in Africa - Research Paper Example s economy that was worth $35 billion in 2012 and estimated to grow by 8 percent in 2013(more than sub-Saharan African average for sixth year straight) will not continue to grow at the estimated rate without modern water network(Dzawu). In sub-Saharab Africa, cost of water shortages and lack of sanitation is estimated to be 5 percent of its annual GDP (Dearn).This research paper examines Africa’s water and sanitation crisis and major reason behind it and finds that Africa’s water crisis is the precursor of global water crisis, as a result, privatization may seem to be the only solution, but long term management and planning is the key to regulate it. It is interesting to note that Ghana is now politically stable and conducting peaceful elections since 1992. Its economic strengths are associated with gold, cocoa, and oil, yet Ghana’s President, John Dramani Mahama, accepted that Ghana is facing a major energy and water crisis. Some of the major problems with water supply system are aging water pipes, some of which were installed in 1914.Moreover, even those pipes doesn’t reach expanding suburbs of Accra. The supply is not adequate for ever increasing demand. Due to the lack of investment in water sector for 50 years, state only deals with emergency situations. State-owned Ghana Water can’t explain for 55 percent of the water it produces because either water is illegally siphoned from pipes or pipes bursts due to damage by erosion or construction (Dzawu). Water shortages brought nationwide crisis in electricity production. Though the water shortages have always been there, but electricity production needs were met by gas, electricity crisis started when the West African Gas Pipeline collapsed in August 2012 which reduced the natural gas supply to fire thermal power plants. Water Company also needs electricity in order to maintain its treatment operations (Dzawu). According to Ghanaian a researcher, In order to run their operations, other companies often

Cameron and Obama Show Unity on Afghanistan Essay

Cameron and Obama Show Unity on Afghanistan - Essay Example Hoffman describes the terrorist groups as â€Å"rational actors† who are terrorizing for gaining political power. The same was exercized by Israel in 1946 to get a separate homeland from Palestinians. They massacred 91 people and terrorized them to seek political power. Today, although the president Obama is much stick on his footings to take tough measures against Iran for its nuclear programme but what keeps him bound is the approaching elections. Because US is not yet ready to trigger guns against Iran because she has a strong opinion from the public that they should not opt for any war further after the bitter experience of Afghanistan and Iraq. US is holding back its terrorist policies yet for the gain of political power as it can turn the masses against him. The game that every terrorist plays is for the gain of power and politics, so are doing the big political powers like US and Britain. The expression of totalitarianism in Afghanistan and Libya has been a phenomenon o f much concern for the world. Because the power US and its allies have expressed in terms of gaining world peace is outrageous. But definitely the definition of terrorism differs for every one. Although the USA is showing terror in Afghanistan, Iraq and Libya but it is not viewed as terrorist in that critical term of terror as Al-Qaeda or Osama bin Laden is being viewed. The meeting between US and Britain affirm that Hoffman was right in explaing the terorism as a ‘globalized factor’. It has emerged from its historial roots to contemporay dilemma. 9/11 attacks, existence of Al-Qaeda and nuclear programme of Iran have united the globe against terrorists who are moving ahead to get their objectives. Hoffman is of the idea that the fears disseminated and political gains of terrorist have enabled the two adversaries of the past to merge together. British once set white house at fire, today US and Britain are allies against their common adversaries like Al-Qaeda who attacked US on 9/11 and Britain on 7/7. Terrorism was once a tool for only some small terrorist organizations but today it has gained popularity on state level. Now states like US, Britain, France are waging wars against the groups like Al-Qaeda etc. Hoffman gives one of the definitions of terrorism as, â€Å"the deliberate creation and exploitation of fear through violence or the threat of violence in the pursuit of political change (p.40). It seems quite fit to the current political situations where nation states are working for their specific political gains and change policy. As United States policy on Libya and Syria differs. The US used all possible means and measures to bring the political change in Libya while with reference to Syria; we see a clear cut diversion in US policies. The use of violence and threat that was exercised in Libya, completely complies with the new definitions of terrorism by Hoffman. The states use the tools of threat and violence to get political changes of their own choices. â€Å"When we see what’s happening on television, our natural instinct is to act† was the statement by Obama that enables us to relate the link between terrorism and media as viewed by Hoffman who said, â€Å"

Karl Marx's Estranged Labor vs. Adam Smith's Division of Labor Research Paper

Karl Marx's Estranged Labor vs. Adam Smith's Division of Labor - Research Paper Example While Marx sought to minimalize the effects of capitalism, Smith sought to emphasize the brilliance of the free market economy. Naturally, these two individuals’ ideologies clash, but there is value in both perspectives, as one shall soon see. Karl Marx’s ideas about estranged labor, Smith’s ideas about the division of labor, and a comparison of the two ideologies will be herein attempted. II. Karl Marx’s Estranged Labor Karl Marx identifies estranged labor as labor alien to man. Marx explains the condition of estranged labor as the result of man participating in an alien to his nature. It my interpretation that man is alienated from his labor because he is not the reaper of what he sows. Because he is never the recipient of his efforts, the laborer lacks identity with what he creates. For Marx then labor is alien to the worker and does not belong to his essential being. Marx identifies two explanations of why man’s lack of identity with labor leads him to be estranged from labor. The explanation that the laborer does not develop freely his physical and mental energy, but instead mortifies his mind, may extol the virtue of communism. In other words, labor fails to nurture man’s physical and mental capacities, and instead, drains them. Because the worker is denied any nurturing in his work, no intimacy between the worker and his work develops. Although, it’s very hard to see how working in a sweat shop in Communist China, for example, is creating intimacy with one’s work to the point that one is able to develop one’s energy freely. Thus, this quote â€Å"lack† of an intimate relation with what he creates, man is summarily estranged from his labor. Furthermore, labor estranges man from himself. Marx argues that the labor the worker produces does not belong to him, but to someone else. Given this condition, the laborer belongs to someone else and is therefore enslaved. As a result of being ensla ved the worker is reduced to a â€Å"subsisting animal,† a condition alien to him. As an end result man is estranged from himself and is, in his words, mortified. Marx points to these situations as the reason man is essentially estranged from his labor. The incongruence between the world of things the worker creates and the world the worker lives in is the estrangement. As the worker gives up his or her contribution to the work, he or she begins to lose importance to the work and the work becomes more superior to the worker. As this happens, the owner of the company or organization accumulates more wealth and power and is able to overcome competition and have more power over the worker. ? I find this to be true based on my personal experience when I worked for a logistics company as a shipping lead. The harder I worked, the more powerful the department became, hence the more powerful the company became—and the less important I became to the company and its superiors. T he department improved a lot under my leadership whereby it generated more revenue. The result was that the company became more important than the person—as stated by Marx in the above paragraphs. ? The worker becomes all the poorer the more wealth he produces, the more his production increases in power and range. The worker becomes an ever-cheaper commodity the more commodities he creates. According to Marx in Calhoun and Gerteis (2007), â€Å"On the basis of political economy itself, in its own words, we have shown that the worker sinks to the level of a commodity and becomes indeed the most wretched of

Abortion and Nurse's Conscientious Objection Essay

Abortion and Nurse's Conscientious Objection - Essay Example The question of this essay is regarding legality of abortion and nurse’s right of objection. Two Roman Catholic nurses recently won the right not to work in an abortion clinic, which is not new considering the right of conscientious objection to abortion on religious or ethical grounds, was written in an act of 1967. "No person shall be under any duty, whether by contract or by any statutory or other legal requirement, to participate in any treatment authorized by this act to which he has a conscientious objection."(The Gaurdian,2011) But this statement is modified in the cases where mother’s life is at stake. There are several conceptions of conscience. Some are religious and some are secular. According to some conceptions identify conscience as a faculty that discerns moral truth or makes ethical judgments. For some it has no importance when it comes to the decisions already made by law or Governmental rule.(The Gaurdian,2011) Abortion is however, one of the most ethi cal dilemmas faced by the society for decades. There are many strong arguments about the issue for those who are in favor or against it. Abortion is a pregnancy termination, an ending of a life that has just begun. Social and personal issues are the main causes of abortions. Such as more then 60% of abortions are caused on single woman. Arguments which takes place mostly against abortions are that growing embryo is living being with a heart beat and it is unmerciful to kill an unborn child whereas, abortion is not a solution for the financial problems of mothers, adoption is the relevant solution for that. According to an obstetrician nurses don’t need to be bothered by the rightness or wrongness of abortion, it is the decision taken by physicians and nurses do as they are told. Why should they discuss the pros and cons of abortion when the decision lies in the hands of church or other Governmental organization? So if an abortion is decided then nurses have no right to object to the decision. These are the reflections of some of the attitudes of health care professionals. However, as a health care professional, nurses have a right as well as responsibility to judge their attitudes towards abortion, both personal and professional integrity relies on them that they provide, on the basis of their knowledge and integrity, participate in care of patient only in therapeutic ways.(Bosek,2007) According to the  Abortion Law Reform Bill 2008  legalized abortion in the State of Victoria, Australia. Section 8,  of the bill demands that physicians, who object to abortion for reasons of conscience must refer a woman to a colleague or another physician, who has no such objections in order to facilitate with the abortion procedure, and requires physicians to perform abortions if necessary "to preserve the life of the pregnant woman."   Many physicians who object to abortion also object to transfer for abortion on the grounds that to refer or otherwise facilita te the procedure makes them ethically complicit in it. A number of individuals and groups have spoken out against the bill, often for a combination of reasons. (Legal Commentaries.2008)). Not only physicians but also nurses have a responsibility in this scenario and there are a number of reasons why they can not ignore the question of abortion. Conscientious objection in medicine is the idea that a health care provider can refrain from offering certain types of medical care with which he/she does not personally agree. These include services which are although legal and medically appropriate such as abortion or sterilization. On one hand ANMC code of ethics state that nurses are to respect the wishes of their patients as long as they are

Unconstitutional Book Banning Essay Example for Free

Unconstitutional Book Banning Essay Imagine you’re in graduate school and you’re doing your doctorate on a controversial issue. You’ve done most of the research however there’s one book that has specific information that you need, and you can only find it in that particular book. You’ve looked on the online database and find out that the book is in your universities library. You go to the library and ask for some help finding the book you need, however the librarian informs you that the book was recently banned. How is it that in a country that prides itself in freedom of speech and self expression, a book on a controversial issue has been banned? Does it not contradict what the founding fathers fought so hard for in the Revolutionary war? In today’s society the biggest reason for book banning is based on protecting moral values set in place in the home. Well meaning teacher, parents, and other would be censors worry that by exposing the nation’s youth to concepts such as sex, drugs, and alcohol they will start experimenting with these things. Ultimately they fear the breakdown of the moral values emphasized in the home. This is especially true for conservative Christians, in the past ten years books such as J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series and, Philip Pullman’s His Dark Materials have caused a great deal of controversy among conservative Christians. The idea of magic, alternate and parallel universes is not a popular one among Conservative Christians. But does this really warrant all out banning books such as these? Most would say no, the ideals of a certain group should not determine what the rest of the population reads. The ideals of a minority should not determine what books are left on the shelves of libraries. It’s one thing if the private institutions chose not to stock certain books in their libraries, but it is a different matter entirely when they want to take books out of the public libraries where they are put for the enjoyment of the public. Banning books violates one of the fundamental rites the US was built on, freedom of speech and freedom of press. The freedom to read and write freely is fundamentally American. It allows citizens to express themselves without fearing repercussions from the government, or fellow citizens. It allows readers to read freely and make their own decisions. Book banning would create a narrow minded population, who don’t know how to reason for themselves. Thinking again of the argument of preserving family values, it must be taken into consideration the kind of television that is currently airing. In many ways TV is more graphic, and explicit. Yet it is tolerated, whereas even just crude language is apparently cause enough to ban a book. Parents are also worried about when their children who are reading above grade level are assigned books intended for students three to four grades above them. This can expose younger readers to seemingly inappropriate material. However there are other options, parents can talk to teachers and ask for more age appropriate books for their younger readers. Banning books violates the rites that our founding fathers fought so hard for in the Revolutionary War. Works Cited  Beatserfield, Suzanne M. â€Å"Parental Concerns About Book Content Should Not Be Dismissed. † English Journal 97. 3 (2008). Opposing Viewpoints. Web. 10 Nov. 2011. Connelly, Deborah S. To Read Or Not To Read: Understanding Book Censorship. Community Junior College Libraries 15. 2 (2009): 83-90. ERIC. Web. 10 Nov. 2011. Gallo, Don. â€Å"Teens Need Bold Books. † English Journal 97. 3 (2008). Opposing Viewpoints. Web. 10 Nov. 2011. Manning, Erin. â€Å"Parents Must Protect Children from Offensive Material in Books. † MercatorNet. (2009). Opposing Viewpoints. Web. 10 Nov. 2011.

Externality Definition Essay Example for Free

Externality Definition Essay 1. An externality is defined as a benefit or cost that is imposed on a third party, such as society, other than the producer or consumer of a good or service, or, more simply, an economic side effect. The more of a product that is consumed or produced, the more of an externality that results. When discussing externalities in general terms, positive externalities refer to the benefits and negative externalities refer to the costs associated with the production or consumption of a good or service. Public goods are one of the more common examples of positive externalities. Public goods are goods which are difficult to exclude people from benefiting from or from getting a free ride. Public goods, such as national defence, clean water, clean air, law enforcement, etc., are generally good for most, if not all of society. Negative externalities exist in many situations. One of the most common examples is that of pollution. In these situations, the producer and consumer finance the goods produced but society must bear the cost of pollution that is introduced into the environment as a by-product and is thus a negative externality. Using the above mentioned example of negative externality, pollution, a steel producing firm might pump pollutants into the air. While the firm has to pay for electricity, materials, etc., the individuals living around the factory will pay for the pollution since it will cause them to have higher medical expenses, poorer quality of life, reduced aesthetic appeal of the air, etc. Thus the production of steel by the firm has a negative cost to the people surrounding the factory-a cost that the steel firm doesnt have to pay. 2. Negative externalities are a property rights problem. Who owns the air that the steel mill pollutes? Ronald Coase put forth the solution which is known as the Coase Theorem: Under perfect competition, once government has assigned clearly defined property rights in contested resources and as long as transactions costs are negligible, private parties that generate or are affected by externalities will negotiate voluntary agreements that lead to the socially optimal resource allocation and output mix regardless of how the property rights are assigned (Ronald H. Coase, The Problem of Social Cost, The Journal of Law and Economics, October 1960). In other words, if there are negligible transactions costs, as long as someone owns the rights to the air around the steel mill, the efficient outcome will prevail. For example, if the steel mill owns the rights, then the individuals that live around the mill will be willing to pay the steel mill not to produceup to the cost that they are incurring from health care, reduced aesthetic appeal of the air, etc. This amount that they are willing to pay becomes an opportunity cost for the steel mill if they produce. Thus they will cut production to the optimal level. On the other hand, if the people own the air, then the steel mill would have to pay them that same amount for the right to produce. Thus the negative externality is directly added to the steel mills marginal cost. 3. Based on experience, this theorem would not apply to the steel industry case discussed above. For example, with a steel factory that trespasses on the lungs of a large number of individuals with pollution, it is difficult if not impossible for any one person to negotiate with the producer, and there are large transaction costs. Hence the most common approach may be to regulate the firm (by imposing limits on the amount of pollution considered acceptable) while paying for the regulation and enforcement with taxes. This adds to the producers marginal cost and will cause them to reduce output.

The Term Comparative Advertising Marketing Essay

The Term Comparative Advertising Marketing Essay In the liberalized Indian economy, as entry into production and services is no more a barrier, the thrust of competition has shifted to aggressive and vigorous promotion of products and services. These practices raise questions about truthfulness and fairness of representation of products and services. In a competitive environment, every representation of a product or service, is about what others are not. In this sense, a study of evolution of law on comparative representation can give us insights in the working of law and business in the liberalized-globalised economy. The question is not be whether a consumer has adequate remedies and protection against such unfair trade practices of a corporation but whether the warring corporations have adequate law against unfair trade practices, and a justice delivery system to have some rules of the game for competing among themselves  [1]  . The term comparative advertising refers to any form of advertising in which a trademark owner attempts to enjoy pecuniary benefits from a comparison between his product, service, or brand and that of a competitor. Comparative claims may vary in nature. They may explicitly name a competitor or implicitly refer to him. They may either emphasize the similarities or the differences between the products. They may also state that the advertised product is better than or as good as the competitors  [2]  . In simple words; comparative advertising is a form of advertising in which two or more brands of same generic products are compared in terms of one or more products or attributes. These advertisements are designed to highlight the advantages of the goods and services offered by the advertiser as compared to those of a competitor. Although, comparative advertisement has not been defined in the Indian statute, the UK Regulations define it as an advertisement which explicitly or by implic ation, identifies a competitor or goods or services offered by a competitor   [3]  . Comparative Advertising is also used in political campaigns, where it generates more counterarguments and fewer source derogations than negative political advertising does. This result may be due to the different styles of information processing that the two types of messages encourage. However, consumers exposed to negative political messages find them less useful for decision making and have more negative attitudes towards political campaigns than do consumers exposed to political advertising.  [4]   A survey of advertisements conducted in US reveals that there are three categories into which all advertisements fall  [5]  : 1. Non comparative advertisements that do not refer to a competing product either directly or indirectly. 2. Indirectly comparative advertisements that refers to a competing product in an indirect manner. 3.Directly comparative advertisements in which a competing product is specifically named or recognizably presented. Advertising falling into the last two categories could be referred to as comparative advertising. while in some countries one or both kinds of comparative advertisements are allowed, some countries do not allow either of the two kinds. Accordingly, the well known tag line in the UK(which allows both forms of comparative advertising with certain restrictions) in the advertisements for Carlsberg lager-Probably the best lager in the world, cannot be used in Germany(which does not allow comparative advertisement at all), as it would lead to an implication that all other lager are inferior to Carlsberg, thereby falling into the category of indirectly comparative advertisements.  [6]   Comparative advertising generally possesses two components, puffery and denigration. Puffery is where the advertiser seeks to draw the consumers attention by making superlative claims about his product that are assertions of opinion, rather than verifiable statements of fact. Often puffery crosses the limits of tolerance and seeks to portray the competing product in a negative light. The same is then said to amount to denigration, which the courts have strictly prohibited. Thus, the material question that often arises is to what extent comparative advertising may be restricted. The answer lies in developing a clear understanding of the conflicting interests of the various stakeholders involved, including the advertiser, the competitor and the consumer. The advertisers objective herein is to present his products in a manner such that the consumer is most likely to purchase it. On the other hand the competitor would always try to prevent any advertising that aims at denigrating his pro duct or makes false claims, or uses his product as a standard which the advertiser claims to exceed. The hapless consumer finds himself in the midst of a cacophony of claims, and has the right to be accurately informed about the quality or utility of the products available in the market.  [7]   STATUTORY PROVISION IN INDIA- The onus of regulating advertising in India has been assumed by a wide array of governmental authorities and tribunals, but presently there exists no dedicated statutory mechanism to regulate the dissemination of untruthful or disparaging material through such medium  [8]  . Primarily, matters related to untrue and misleading advertising were adjudicated upon by the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Commission, constituted under the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 (MRTP Act). The Act defined an unfair trade practice under section 36A to include any false representation of goods with regard to their quality, quantity or utility. The provision also incorporated the clause that a warranty or guarantee of performance or durability of the product, if not adequately substantiated, would amount to an unfair trade practice  [9]  . Further, to advertise a false or misleading fact disparaging the goods, services or trade of another person too was br ought within the ambit of the same  [10]  . However, the MRTP Act was subsequently repealed by virtue of section 66 of the Competition Act, 2002. The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission, with reference to intensifying competition in the post-liberalised India, was describing a case before it as another legal battle between two multinational corporate giants making this Commission as a battlefield for the purpose  [11]  . The Trade Marks Act provides that a registered trademark is infringed by any advertising of that trade mark if such advertising takes unfair advantage and is contrary to honest practices in industrial or commercial matters, is detrimental to its distinctive character, or is against the reputation of the trade mark  [12]  . Section 30(1) of the same act provides an exception to the above rule stating that such advertisement would not amount to infringement if the use of such mark falls within purview of honest practices. This implies that honest practices are mandatory for comparative advertising without which it would amount to trademark infringement In the absence of an established statutory mechanism dedicated to the regulation of advertising, the industry itself has sought to develop a model for voluntary self-regulation in the form of the Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI)  [13]  . The same is a non-statutory tribunal comprising an association of advertisers established in 1985. The ASCI position on the form and manner of comparative advertising has been laid out in Chapter IV of the bodys Code for Self Regulation in Advertising  [14]  . It is stated herein that advertisements containing comparisons with competing manufacturers and sellers are permissible in the interests of vigorous competition and free dissemination of information, subject to the following requirements being satisfied: a) It is clear what aspects of the advertisers product are being compared with what aspects of the competitors product. (b) The subject matter of comparison is not chosen in such a way as to confer an artificial advantage upon the advertiser or so as to suggest that a better bargain is offered than is truly the case. (c) The comparisons are factual, accurate and capable of substantiation. (d) There is no likelihood of the consumer being misled as a result of the comparison, whether about the product advertised or that with which it is compared. (e) The advertisement does not unfairly denigrate, attack or discredit other products, advertisers or advertisements, directly or by implication.  [15]   COMPARATIVE ADVERTISEMENT AND TRADEMARK INFRINGMENT In an era where the whole world is considered as one global village, trademarks play an important role to distinguish the products of one business house from another. Trademark can be defined as a mark or symbol which distinguishes one product from other product of similar nature  [16]  . Its aim is to identify the source of a product and to distinguish that product from product of similar nature. It lends individuality to a product which helps the customers to identify the product placed with products of similar kinds. Trade mark not only identifies the product of its origin but it also guaranties its unchanged quality and further helps to build a brand image by advertises the products. In a rat race to present their products as the best, companies adopt advertising techniques that make use of trademarks, trade names, and other trade symbols combining informational and persuasive elements. Not only has the use of their own trademark gained popularity also the use of their counte rparts trade mark is fast catching up. In Advertising and Public Interest  [17]  , Ralph Brown argues that trademarks by themselves were worthless to the public; the publics interest inhered in the ability of trade symbol to inform and prevent confusion. He further asserts that the legal protection surrounding trade mark should be driven by analysis of the degree to which advertising itself served public interest. The law on comparative advertising and product disparagement, in relation to trademarks, in India, is based upon the law as laid down in Irvings Yeast Vite Ltd v FA Horse-nail  [18]  . Section 29(8) of The Trademarks Act, 1999 enunciates situations, when the use of a trademark in advertising can constitute infringement. It says that any advertising which is not in accordance with honest practices; or is detrimental to the distinctive character, or to the repute of the mark, shall be an act constituting infringement. At the same time Section 30 (1) makes comparative advertising an exception, to acts constituting infringement under Section 29. It provides that any advertising which is in accordance with honest practices, and does not cause detriment to the distinctive character or to the repute of the trademark will be permissible and will not constitute infringement. CONSTITUTIONAL VIEW- Article 19 (1) (a) of the Constitution of India protects the right to freedom of speech and expression. It is very important for us to analyze article 19 (1) (a) of the Constitution in relation to comparative advertising. The freedom of speech and expression also has limitations but the same is restricted by imposing reasonable restrictions by the state under article 19 (2) of the Constitution  [19]  . Now the question is that whether the commercial speech can be protected under article 19 (1) (a) of the Constitution. In the case of Tata Press Ltd. vs Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd.  [20]  , the Supreme Court held that commercial speech cannot be denied the protection of Article 19(1) (a) of the Constitution merely because the same is issued by businessmen. Court took a very wide interpretation of the Article 19(1) (a) of the Constitution Supreme Court held that advertising as a commercial speech has two facets. Advertising which is no more than a commercial transaction is, no netheless, dissemination of information regarding the product advertised. Public at large is benefited by the information made available through the advertisement. In a democratic economy, free flow of commercial information is indispensable. There cannot be honest and economical marketing by the public at large without being educated by the information disseminated through advertisements. The economic system in a democracy would be handicapped without there being freedom of commercial speech. Supreme Court also stated that the public at large has a right to receive the commercial speech. Article 19(1) (a) not only guarantees freedom of speech and expression; it also protects the rights of an individual to listen, read, and receive the said speech. So the Supreme Court held that a party has a right to advertise its product making commendation about its quality. Advertisement being a commercial speech which is a part of the freedom of speech is guaranteed under article 19(1). (a) of the Constitution and it can also be restricted under Article 19 (2) if it fulfils its elements. Court was of the view that publicity and advertisement of ones product with purpose of boosting sales is a legitimate marketing strategy. Court has laid down various principles in deciding about the extent of comparative advertisement. Comparative advertising must compare products meeting the same needs or intended for the same purpose. Comparative advertising should explicitly or implicitly make clear what comparison is made. A case of disparagement arises only if product in question is identifiable. Comparison with another or ordinary product that does not allude to particular brand, cannot give rise to disparagement. For disparagement, a direct reference to competitive brand is not necessary. Even an indirect referencing that can identify a particular brand may lead to a case of disparagement. Comparative advertising should not mislead consumers about competitors product with which comparison is made. A manufacturer is entitled to make exaggerations like his goods are the best, or in puffing manner compare his goods with competitors, and the same even if untrue, will not give a clause of action to other manufacturers of similar product, unless in doing so the manufacturer says that his competitors goods are bad, or disparages and defame them. This makes clear that freedom of speech and expression does not permit defamation and it would be a little far-fetched to say that an advertiser has the liberty to disparage the product of his competitor without any check, under the grab of freedom of speech. The irony remains, that although it is one thing to say that your product is better than that of a rival and it is another thing to say that his product is inferior to your product, still while asserting the latter, the hidden message may be the former, but that is inevitable in the case of a comparison. While comparing two products, the advertised product will, but naturally, have to be shown as better.  [21]   Comparative Advertising-Consumers Perspective Comparative Advertising if seen in a consumer perspective it tells the difference between two goods in the market and tell the consumer why he should opt for the advertisers product.  [22]   One of the most effective methods for advertising a product is to compare it with competitive offerings. Side-by-side or A-B comparisons can provide prospective customers with compelling reasons to buy from the company. They can also help build credibility for its product. Subconsciously, the prospective customer says: Who would risk making a direct comparison if they didnt have something truly superior? Johnson and Johnson found this out the hard way when Proctor and Gamble introduced Whisper with a direct comparison of the various features that were new in their product as opposed to Carefree without once naming Carefree directly.  [23]   The comparison of goods and services provides more information and thus educates consumers in taking a better decision. The advertisers in India generally compare the prices that cater to the status appeal of the maximum populations as 30% of Indians live under the category of middle class which is the most growing consumer market and they are also benefitted with the comparative advertisements. From the research done in India and abroad regarding the consumer reactions to the comparative advertising, it is clear that it helps in informing customers on the comparative features of two competitive brands. It is an effective positioning tool as well.  [24]  Few advertisers view the comparative advertising as offensive but from the practical experience so far, it is an accepted fact that consumers are being benefitted by the comparative advertisements. In Indian market, as mentioned above there has been a sea-change after the introduction of LPG policies. Brands that were considered to be of very high quality with practically no competition have lost out to other international brands, with the opening up of our markets and with the increasing awareness of the consumers about the products. Comparative advertisement truly gives an opportunity to help consumers not only to decide on which product is better but also what is best suited for him.  [25]   Consumers generally do not observe quality before purchase. Prices cannot signal quality. The firms compete for customers by advertising their quality. We first analyze a pure disclosure framework. If a firm advertises, it discloses the truth; it cannot falsify as such. Compare two scenarios. In the first firms can only engage in non-comparative advertising, i.e., a firm may disclose its own quality but not the competitors. In the second scenario, the firms can also engage in comparative advertising. In both scenarios advertising is costly and firms may, therefore, choose to remain silent.  [26]   Some studies have questioned the effectiveness of comparative advertising. Swinyard found that when it is one-sided, comparative advertising loses credibility and generates sympathy for the brand being attacked.  [27]  A study by Ogilvy-Mather, a large ad agency, found that consumers frequently confuse the sponsor for the competitor in many comparative ads. Furthermore, there was no persuasiveness of comparative and non-comparative ads.  [28]  On the other hand, other studies have found that if the source is credible, comparative advertisement is effective. For example, Gotlieb and Sarel found that credible comparative ads were more likely to be notices and were more likely to influence intentions to buy the advertised brand compared with non comparative ads. They also found that credible comparative ads were particularly effective for new products. Swinyard found that credibility can best be achieved by making comparative ads two sided-that is, a comparative ad that names a competitor, cites some of the advantages of the comparative brand, and then points out the arguments for the advertised brand.  [29]   Marketers should also consider consumers goal when preparing comparative ads. Promotion-focused consumers, whose goal is to maximise their gains and positive consumers, will be more responsive to claims that Brand X is superior to Brand Y; prevention-focused consumers, who want to minimize their loss and risk, will be more sceptical of superiority claims and more responsive to claims that Brand X is similar or equivalent to Brand Y. Note that positively framed comparative messages(Brand X performs better than Brand Y) are more effective for promotion-focused consumers, whereas negatively framed messages(Brand Y has more problems than Brand X) are more effective for prevention-focused consumers. Positively framed comparative messages encourage more cognitive processing and prompt consumers to consider other brand information-sparking their buying intentions if the additional information supports the positive arguments.  [30]   But the comparative advertisement should extent to the limit that it misleads the consumer. Any misinformation will be prejudice to the consumers. Abuses in advertising can obviously have unfortunate effects on consumers ranging from money on item that did not live up to the standard, expectation, quality and effectively but results in hazardous accidents resulting from the misrepresentation of faulty goods.  [31]   Humour In Advertising  [32]   Marketers use humorous messages because they attract attention and because advertisers believe that humour can be persuasive. The use of humour in advertising has been increasing to the point where the majority of ads use humour. one reason is that a 2002 survey by Roper, a large marketing research firm, found that 85 percent of respondents said they like ads with humorous themes. There are pros and cons for the use of humour in advertising. On the positive side, humour is likely to increase attention and memorability. It is also likely to enhance the advertisers credibility. Humour may create a positive feeling towards the advertisers and increase the persuasiveness of the message. It may also distract consumers who use competitive products from developing arguments against the advertisers brand and may lead them to accept the message. Humour may also be considered inappropriate based on the economic and political climate. When is the use of humour most effective? Researchers have found that humour is most effective in gaining message acceptance- when consumers are not involved- because humour is peripheral to the message, it is more likely to influence consumers who are not involved with the product than those who are. for existing products- advertising new products require conveying information. Humour is a more effective means of establishing a mood than of conveying information. When consumers have a positive attitude towards the brand- humour can reinforce positive feelings towards a brand, but is unlikely to reverse negative feelings. Why Consumer Protection?  [33]   Consumer has no voice in the product which is manufactured for his consumption. It is very difficult to effectively organize consumers in country as vast as India. A majority of the population is illiterate and ignorant. Poverty, lack of education, lack of misinformation, traditional outlook of Indians to suffer in silence, considering poverty and misery as a god-given things-all these negative sides of our life have enabled unscrupulous businessman to exploit consumers in India. The march of science and technology has increased the difficulties of the consumer along with his opportunities of selection from a very wide variety of goods. JUDICIAL PRONOUNCEMENTS Indian Judiciary has defined certain limitations for comparative advertising. Certain cases discussed below will help us to clarify more on this term. The role of puffery as a facet of comparative advertising was substantively dealt with by an Indian court for the first time in Reckitt Colman of India Ltd. v. M.P. Ramchandran and Anr.  [34]  In the concerned matter, the plaintiff and defendant were manufacturers of clothing detergent brands Robin Blue and Ujala, respectively. It was contended by the plaintiff that the defendant, in its advertisement, had intentionally displayed a container that was similar to the one in which the plaintiffs product was sold, and in regard to which the plaintiff had a registered design. A further insinuation to the product of the plaintiff was in the fictitious product being priced at Rs. 10, which was known to be the price at which Robin Blue was sold. The advertisement went on to state that the said product Blue was uneconomical, and depicted that the same was a product of obsolete technology and hence ineffective. There was also an implication that the product failed to dissolve effectively in water, and hence damaged clothes by leaving blue patches on them. It was argued by the defendant that the bottle depicted in the advertisement did not bear any resemblance to Robin Blue, and that the object of the portrayal had been merely to assert the technological superiority of Ujala over other competing products. Hence, it was denied that there was any specific disparagement of Robin Blue in the concerned advertisement. In M. Balasundram v Jyothi Laboratories  [35]  , A television advertisement promoting Ujala liquid blue showed that 2-3 drops were adequate to bring striking whiteness of clothes while several spoons of other brands were required though no label of any other brand was shown. A lady holding a bottle of Ujala was looking down on another bottle and exclaiming chhi, chhi, chhi! in disgust. The manufacturers of Regaul, a competing brand, approached the MRTP Commission that the advertisement was disparaging its goods. The Commission was of the view that-a mere claim to superiority in the quality of ones product by itself is not sufficient to attract section 36(1)(x) of MRTP Act. In the advertisement, the bottle did not carry any label. Further, the bottle did not have similarity with bottle of any brand. The Commission, thus, was of the opinion that it could not be a case of disparagement of goods. On a different note decision given by the court in case of Hindustan Lever Limited v Colgate Palmolive (I) Limited  [36]  and Pepsi Co Inc v Hindustan Coca Cola Ltd  [37]  , where both Colgate and Hindustan Coca Cola Ltd liable for disparaging their competitors products, respectively. Even though in both advertisements the competitors product name could not be heard but could clearly be made out from lip movement. Such a method of circumventing the law was held to fall clearly within the ambit of disparagement. The courts further stated that any claims made in comparative advertisements must be backed by verifiable statistical data. Precedents like the one laid down in Dabur India Ltd. v. Emami Ltd  [38]  . could severely curtail the scope of comparative advertising. Jurisprudentially speaking, the concept of defamation has to be specific or individualized in nature  [39]  . In the present case, the courts seem to have overlooked this premise, as the courts ruling in the case laid down that even a reference to a generic class of products could be potentially disparaging. This could be viewed as dangerous precedent as it would disallow a competitor to even make comparisons on a general basis. Hypothetically if the newly launched Tata Nano were to put out an advertisement giving out the impression that bike owners could progress in life by graduating to a car, then based on the ratio of this case, any bike company would be able to successfully sue Tata for disparagement  [40]  . CONCLUSION In India theres no doubt that the law regarding to comparative advertising is well settled, but is it settled in the required manner? By copiously allowing puffing up in marketing strategies, until a competitor is not adversely affected, the courts have turned a blind eye towards the equally important consumer and his interests. Today in the Indian sphere the focus only seems directed towards the grabbing of eyeballs, without providing any productive information for the consumer to utilize. The objective behind comparative advertising was not only being informative and an important tool to promote competition but for comparisons to serve as benchmarks to help consumers focus on the products main qualities. Compara